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Estimating carbonate parameters from hydrographic data for the intermediate and deep waters of the Southern Hemisphere Oceans
H. C. Bostock,S. E. Mikaloff Fletcher,M. J. M. Williams
Biogeosciences Discussions , 2013, DOI: 10.5194/bgd-10-6225-2013

Abstract: Using GLODAP and CLIVAR ocean carbon data, we have developed several multiple linear regression (MLR) algorithms to estimate alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the intermediate and deep waters of the Southern Hemisphere (south of 25° S) from only hydrographic data (temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen). A Monte Carlo experiment was used to identify a potential density (σθ) of 27.5 as an optimal break point between the two regimes with different MLR algorithms. The algorithms provide a good estimate of DIC (R2=0.98) and alkalinity (R2=0.91), and excellent agreement for aragonite and calcite saturation states (R2=0.99). Combining the algorithms with the CSIRO Atlas of Regional Seas (CARS), we have been able to map the calcite saturation horizon (CSH) and aragonite saturation horizon (ASH) for the Southern Ocean at a spatial resolution of 0.5°. These maps are more detailed and more consistent with oceanography than the gridded GLODAP data. The high resolution ASH map reveals a dramatic circumpolar shoaling at the Polar Front. North of 40° S the CSH is deepest in the Atlantic (~ 4000 m) and shallower in the Pacific Ocean (~ 2750 m), while the CSH sits between 3200 and 3400 m in the Indian Ocean.

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Optimal revascularization for left main coronary artery disease—coronary artery bypass grafting versus percutaneous coronary intervention
Alexander Iribarne,Ian C. Bostock,Jock N. McCullough
- , 2017, DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.04.24

Abstract: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has historically been the standard of care for management of left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD). Studies have demonstrated a survival advantage when CABG has been compared to optimal medical management alone in LMCAD (1-3). With improvements in medical therapy as well as innovative stent technology there has been a growing interest in the role of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with LMCAD (4-7). A sub-group analysis of the Synergy between PCI with TAXus and cardiac surgery (SYNTAX) trial supported the use of CABG as the standard of care for patients with high or intermediate SYNTAX scores due to lower rates of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization when compared to PCI. In patients with mild disease or a lower SYNTAX score, however, PCI appeared to be a reasonable alternative with adequate results at 5-year follow-up (8)

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Contemporary outcomes of surgical management of complex thoracic infections
David J. Finley,Fariha Sheikh,Ian C. Bostock,Joseph D. Phillips,Timothy M. Millington
- , 2018, DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.08.43

Abstract: Complex thoracic infections (CTIs) frequently present in the form of complicated pneumonia, loculated pleural effusion, empyema or pulmonary abscess. Effusions frequently complicate pneumonias as migration of neutrophils and monocytes result in intrapleural inflammation and accumulation of fluid (1). Most effusions are sterile or simple, and they typically resolve as the infectious process is treated. However, when bacteria translocate into the pleural space, a complex effusion or empyema may develop. Complex effusions are characterized by the formation of fibrin deposits, septations and/or purulent deposits in the pleural space. This exudative process usually necessitates invasive drainage procedures (DP), intrapleural enzyme administration, and/or surgical washout with or without decortication to achieve resolution (1-3)

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Outcomes with moderate aortic stenosis and impaired left ventricular function: prelude to a randomized trial?
Alexander Iribarne,Ian C. Bostock,Jock N. McCullough,Rachel M. Easterwood
- , 2017, DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.09.16

Abstract: The natural history of severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS) has been well characterized, with most studies demonstrating a mortality rate of 50% at 2 years once patients develop symptoms of left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction (1,2). This precipitous decline in survival forms of the basis of current American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology class I recommendations for aortic valve replacement (AVR) in patients with: severe, symptomatic AS; asymptomatic patients with severe AS and a LV ejection fraction <50%; and patients with severe AS undergoing other cardiac surgery (3). However, AS is a progressive disease with an observed reduction in aortic valve area of approximately 0.1 cm2 per year (4,5). As such, current guidelines also recommend AVR for patients with moderate AS undergoing other cardiac surgery (3). An extension of current guidelines thus follows—should AVR be considered for patients with moderate AS and impaired LV function

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The psychiatric profession and the Australian government: the debate over collective depression syndrome among asylum-seeking detainees
William W Bostock
Psychology Research and Behavior Management , 2009, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S7677

Abstract: ychiatric profession and the Australian government: the debate over collective depression syndrome among asylum-seeking detainees Perspectives (4080) Total Article Views Authors: William W Bostock Published Date November 2009 Volume 2009:2 Pages 121 - 127 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S7677 William W Bostock School of Government, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Abstract: Psychiatrists have long had involvement with the political process, both individually and as a profession. They have made valuable contributions to debate over such issues as war, conflict, terrorism, torture, human rights abuse, drug abuse, suicide and other public health issues. However, they have also been complicit in some gross atrocities. Over several years there has been debate over the Australian Government’s treatment of asylum seekers, and the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists took the unusual step of publicly criticizing the Australian Government’s policy on grounds of its toxicity leading to a diagnosis of collective depression syndrome, particularly among child detainees, but also adult detainees. The official Ministerial response was to deny that collective depression exists and to assert that the concept is meaningless. Can this intervention by psychiatrists be interpreted as a product of earlier political behaviors by psychiatrists? The willingness of psychiatrists to cooperate with other professions, notably psychologists, pediatricians, physicians and lawyers, is noted, as is presence of minority voices within the Australian psychiatric profession. The significance of the debate over the mental condition of asylum-seeking detainees is that its outcome has implications for how Australia sees itself and is seen by the rest of the world, that is, its national identity.

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"Kollektiver Geisteszustand" und individueller Agens: Qualitative Faktoren in den Erkl rungen der Sozialwissenschaften Collective Mental State and Individual Agency: Qualitative Factors in Social Science Explanation Estado mental colectivo y agentes individuales: Factores cualitativos en la explicación de las ciencias sociales
William W. Bostock
Forum : Qualitative Social Research , 2002,

Abstract: In der jüngsten Vergangenheit kam es zu gewaltt tigen Vorf llen in Form von Angriffen auf zivile Ziele und zu politischen Attentaten in L ndern, in denen es gew hnlich nicht erwartet wird. Dies hat es notwendig erscheinen lassen, das Interesse an dem alten Konzept des "kollektiven Bewusstseins" wieder zu beleben. In diesem Artikel werden das Konzept in seiner gegenw rtigen Reformulierung als "kollektiver Geisteszustand" und Versuche individueller Akteure, diesen Zustand zu kontrollieren, zu ver ndern und anderweitig zu nutzen, diskutiert. Es wird gefolgert, dass die Berücksichtigung "kollektiver Geisteszust nde" und deren Effekt auf und Nutzbarkeit durch individuelle Akteure essenziell für Erkl rungen in den Sozialwissenschaften ist. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs020317 Recent violent events such as attacks on civilian targets and political assassinations in countries not usually susceptible to these have created a need to revive interest in the ancient concept of collective consciousness. In this article, the concept in its current reformulation as collective mental state, and the attempts of individual agents to control, shift and otherwise manage it, are examined. It is concluded that allowance for the unmeasurable and unpredictable qualitative factors of the collective mental state and the effect upon it of individual agency is essential in social science explanations. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs020317 Los recientes actos violentos, tales como ataques a objetivos civiles y asesinatos políticos en países en los que habitualmente no sucedían este tipo de situaciones, han creado la necesidad de revitalizar el interés por el antiguo concepto de conciencia colectiva. En el presente artículo se examinan tanto el concepto en su reformulación actual: estado mental colectivo; así como los intentos de agentes individuales por controlarlo, modificarlo o utilizarlo en su favor. Se propone que en las explicaciones de las Ciencias Sociales es esencial tomar en cuenta tanto los imprevisibles e inmedibles factores cualitativos del estado mental colectivo así como la influencia que los agentes individuales tienen sobre él. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs020317

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New and existing combinations in Palaeotropical Phlegmariurus (Lycopodiaceae) and lectotypification of the type species Phlegmariurus phlegmaria (L.) T.Sen & U.Sen
Ashley Field,Peter Bostock
PhytoKeys , 2013, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.20.4007

Abstract: The genus Phlegmariurus Holub is recognised more widely than originally proposed and is circumscribed to include both Neotropic and Palaeotropic epiphytic and terrestrial species of Huperzioid Lycopodiaceae that have isotomous shoots, lack bulbils in their sporophyllous shoots and have spores with convex lateral margins and foveolate-fossulate sculpture restricted to their distal surfaces. New combinations with Phlegmariurus are proposed for 81 species and existing combinations identified for 33 species originating from the Palaeotropics. This installs a generic circumscription that is consistent between the Neotropics and Palaeotropics. A lectotype is designated for the type species of the genus, Phlegmariurus phlegmaria (L.) T.Sen & U.Sen.

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Resource Gleaning, From Earlier Times to the Information Age
William W. Bostock
Webology , 2005,

Abstract: Inspired by the film documentary The Gleaners and I, the paper defines two senses of gleaning: (1) generally, the collection of items in small quantities, and (2) more specifically, the collection of items missed or rejected during previous harvesting. As an activity, gleaning in both senses is a neglected but essential activity in the solving of problems of lack of resource, especially now in the Information Age. A classic example of the gleaning process is provided by psychoanalysis, which gleans information which would normally be seen as trivial or unacceptable, to be used in the analysis and treatment of a personality disorder. The need to glean information to break secret codes in World War II provided the impetus to create the world's first programmable electronic computer, the Colossus. The invention of the computer has brought in the Information Age, but in so doing, it has created a need for information gleaning. The publishing of research findings on the Internet is discussed and the current status of some gleaning software is commented upon.

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Editorial: Sociology of the Web
William W. Bostock
Webology , 2006,

Abstract: Many young scholars at the start of their careers ask, "How can I get published?" An answer to this problem is provided by the Web, which is in fact academia's rich new frontier, providing many excellent opportunities for publication in journals of the highest standards of peer review, with the additional advantage of being referenced by Google (Wise, 2005). Even so, when the Call for Papers for a Special Edition of Webology on the Sociology of the Web went out, response was not immediately overwhelming. Therefore it was necessary to supplement the Call for Papers with personal contact, but in the end, many excellent contributions came along, of which ten plus one book review were selected after a rigorous review process and will cover two editions of Webology. These explored a wide range of perspectives but all had in common a desire to understand the complex relationship between society and the Web. This said, such a vast topic leaves room for many more discussions of the role of the Web in: science and engineering, medicine and health including mental health, food supply, intercultural understanding, welfare and education, including such specific areas as open access, intellectual property and online encyclopaedias.

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Abstract: William W BostockSchool of Government, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, AustraliaAbstract: Psychiatrists have long had involvement with the political process, both individually and as a profession. They have made valuable contributions to debate over such issues as war, conflict, terrorism, torture, human rights abuse, drug abuse, suicide and other public health issues. However, they have also been complicit in some gross atrocities. Over several years there has been debate over the Australian Government’s treatment of asylum seekers, and the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists took the unusual step of publicly criticizing the Australian Government’s policy on grounds of its toxicity leading to a diagnosis of collective depression syndrome, particularly among child detainees, but also adult detainees. The official Ministerial response was to deny that collective depression exists and to assert that the concept is meaningless. Can this intervention by psychiatrists be interpreted as a product of earlier political behaviors by psychiatrists? The willingness of psychiatrists to cooperate with other professions, notably psychologists, pediatricians, physicians and lawyers, is noted, as is presence of minority voices within the Australian psychiatric profession. The significance of the debate over the mental condition of asylum-seeking detainees is that its outcome has implications for how Australia sees itself and is seen by the rest of the world, that is, its national identity.Keywords: collective depression syndrome, psychiatric profession, political intervention, asylum seeker, Australian national identity

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